CBD Spray: How It Works, Types And Uses
The cannabidiol (CBD) market, which is estimated to exceed $4 billion in sales in the U.S. in 2023, offers consumers a variety of products ranging from edibles like gummies to topicals, tinctures and more.[1]
CBD spray may be a product worth considering among the myriad options available. Read on to learn more about CBD oil spray, including its intended uses, types and potential side effects, as well as what research says about its effectiveness.
What Are CBD Sprays?
CBD sprays use a spray top to administer CBD, most commonly under the tongue (sublingually), on the inside of the cheek (transmucosal), through the nasal passages (intranasal) or through the skin (transdermal). Unlike CBD oil, CBD sprays generally contain additional ingredients to improve efficacy and bioavailability, such as ethanol or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, says Erica Steele, a board-certified naturopathic doctor and certified functional medicine practitioner at Holistic Family Practice in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
“Most CBD sprays are made by mixing extracted CBD—full spectrum CBD, broad spectrum CBD or CBD isolate—with a thinner carrier agent, such as hemp seed oil, coconut oil or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil,” says Mary Neubeck, a registered nurse specializing in cannabis at Acute on Chronic, an online cannabis consulting and education resource.
“Other ingredients, such as flavorings or essential oils, are often added to improve the taste or smell of the CBD spray. The mixture is then placed in a spray bottle, which allows for easy and convenient application,” Dr. Steele adds.
When consumed orally, CBD bioavailability is estimated at only 6%, according to a 2020 study in Pharmaceuticals.[2] However, it’s believed that sublingual, oromucosal and intranasal delivery methods may provide higher bioavailability due to the dense supply of blood vessels in the lining of the mucous membranes, says Dr. Steele. Additional research to confirm this theory regarding enhanced bioavailability is needed, however.
Types of CBD Spray
CBD oil sprays are designed to be administered through specific delivery methods, including transmucosal (by mouth), sublingual (under the tongue), intranasal (through the nose) and transdermal (through the skin) absorption. “Topical sprays may contain essential oils and other ingredients (such as menthol or eucalyptus) that may further assist with topical relief and absorption. Oral and nasal sprays generally contain fewer additional ingredients due to their mucosal absorption, as some of [the ingredients] in topicals and transdermals may not be safe for oral or nasal use due to absorption via a mucous membrane versus the skin,” explains Neubeck.
Oral CBD Sprays
CBD sprays are generally designed to be administered through the mouth orally via sublingual (under the tongue) or transmucosal (such as the cheek) absorption, explains Dr. Steele, who adds, “They often contain ingredients that enhance absorption through the oral mucosa (such as medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) oil, ethanol, lecithin and more).”
When a CBD spray is applied under the tongue (sublingually) or on the inside of the cheek (transmucosal), it may reach the oral mucous membrane, which has a dense supply of blood vessels. Because the oral membrane is thin and permeable, some research suggests CBD may quickly get into the bloodstream without going through the digestive system, ultimately resulting in improved bioavailability. However, there has been very limited research on the topic, Dr. Steele explains. A 2019 meta-analysis in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery highlights the need for additional human trials to evaluate whether cannabinoids are effectively absorbed through the oral mucosa or are, in fact, digested through the intestinal tract.[3]
CBD oil sprays offer a more effective way to achieve precise sublingual dosing, according to Neubeck. “Getting a precise dose using a dropper can sometimes be tricky, especially at first when someone is getting used to [taking CBD oil]. It’s very easy to accidentally give the wrong number of drops…This is especially true for anyone who might have mobility issues, such as arthritis in the hands. It’s easier to be more consistent from dose to dose using a spray,” she adds.
Sativex (nabiximols) is a prescription oromucosal spray containing both delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD in a 1:1 ratio intended to treat symptoms related to spasticity, or muscle stiffness, in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hasn’t approved Sativex for use in the U.S., 29 other countries have approved the spray for MS symptom treatment. Clinical trials continue to evaluate Sativex’s effectiveness, including what role THC plays in the effectiveness of the spray.
Nasal CBD Sprays
Nasal CBD sprays, which are administered through the nasal passages, also allow for quick absorption into the bloodstream, says Dr. Steele. “These products are specifically formulated to enhance nasal absorption and bioavailability. They often include ingredients, such as mucoadhesive polymers, which help increase the amount of time the CBD sticks to the mucosal membrane to improve absorption, or mucosal penetration enhancers, which increase permeability of the mucosal membrane,” adds Dr. Steele.
The lining of the nasal cavity has a high density of blood vessels, and as a result, many believe that CBD absorption and bioavailability may improve via intranasal administration, says Dr. Steele. However, research regarding nasal CBD sprays is limited.
Topical CBD Sprays
Individuals apply topical CBD sprays directly to the skin for localized effects like pain relief, muscle relaxation and reduced inflammation, explains Dr. Steele. Additional ingredients, such as soothing agents like lavender, menthol, aloe vera or essential oils, may also be added to formulations to complement the CBD’s potential benefits, she adds. Further comprehensive research into the efficacy of topical CBD sprays is needed.
CBD Spray Uses
Clinical research regarding the potential benefits and effectiveness of CBD sprays is extremely limited.
However, some research shows CBD may benefit people with:
- Seizure disorders
- Anxiety
- Pain and inflammation
- Chronic stress
- Sleep challenges
“[CBD sprays] are often chosen over CBD oils for their ease of use and convenience,” says Dr. Steele. “CBD sprays can be easily carried in a purse or pocket, allowing for discreet and on-the-go use. They also eliminate the need for measuring or counting drops, as the spray bottle design delivers a consistent amount with each spray,” she adds.
Potential Side Effects of CBD Spray
Limited data exists regarding the safety of CBD, including CBD sprays, according to the FDA. With that said, research suggests potential side effects of CBD can include:
- Drowsiness
- Diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset
- Decreased appetite
- Mood changes, such as increased irritability and agitation
“There are also pharmaceutical and supplement interactions with CBD that may [affect medication] effectiveness, so it’s important to consult a cannabis specialist and a health care provider prior to using any CBD products,” advises Rebecca Abraham, a registered nurse specializing in cannabis and the founder of Acute on Chronic.
Does CBD Spray Work?
Although limited research is available regarding the efficacy of CBD sprays, some research demonstrates positive outcomes.
“CBD sprays can be effective in their intended uses, but their effectiveness may vary depending on [multiple] factors, including the individual’s body chemistry, the quality of the CBD extract used and the specific formulation of the spray,” explains Dr. Steele. “More research is needed to fully understand their effects and benefits,” she adds. Research also suggests administering CBD alongside a high-fat/high-calorie meal, as well as in a fed state, may increase the bioavailability of CBD when taken orally.
“It’s always advisable to consult a health care professional before using CBD sprays or any other CBD product, especially if you have a neurological or psychological condition or are taking any medications,” continues Dr. Steele.
How to Choose the Right CBD Spray for You
Choosing a high-quality CBD spray is crucial for consumer safety and efficacy. “Prioritizing reputable brands ensures the product undergoes rigorous testing, is free of contaminants and accurately discloses CBD content and dosage information,” explains Dr. Steele. “[Additional] factors, such as extraction method, type of CBD and (FDA) good manufacturing practices (CGMP) certification further aid individuals in selecting a reliable CBD spray,” she adds.
Dr. Steele recommends those interested in using a CBD spray consider the following factors:
- Safety and purity. Look for sprays made from organically grown hemp, as they may be less likely to contain harmful pesticides or chemicals than those without a certified organic seal. Additionally, reputable manufacturers often provide third-party laboratory testing results, known as certificates of analysis (COAs), confirming the absence of contaminants like heavy metals or residual solvents.
- CBD content and dosage accuracy. Look for products that provide clear information about the CBD and any additional cannabinoid content per spray or dose. This transparency ensures that an individual can accurately measure their intake, facilitating consistent dosing and desired effects.
- Extraction method. Consider the extraction method used to obtain the CBD for the spray. Carbon dioxide extraction is preferred, as it yields a high-quality CBD extract without the use of harsh chemicals. This method also helps preserve the beneficial compounds of hemp and cannabis sativa plants while minimizing the risk of contamination.
- Type of CBD. CBD sprays may come in different formulations, including full-spectrum, broad-spectrum or isolate options. Full-spectrum sprays contain CBD and other beneficial compounds found in hemp and cannabis sativa plants, including additional cannabinoids and terpenes (including up to 0.3% THC by dry weight). Broad-spectrum sprays contain CBD and other compounds, but they’re typically THC-free. Meanwhile, an isolate product exclusively contains CBD. An individual should consider their personal preferences and any specific requirements they may have when choosing between these options.
Sources
Footnotes
- CBD product dollar sales U.S. 2022-2026. Statista. Accessed 7/4/2023.
- Millar SA, Maguire RF, Yates AS, O’Sullivan SE. Towards Better Delivery of Cannabidiol (CBD). Pharmaceuticals. 2020;13(9):219.
- Itin C, Domb AJ, Hoffman A. A meta-opinion: cannabinoids delivered to oral mucosa by a spray for systemic absorption are rather ingested into gastro-intestinal tract: the influences of fed / fasting states. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2019;16(10):1031-1035.
References
- Preferred CBD product types U.S. 2022. Statista. Accessed 7/4/2023.
- Bruni N, Della Pepa C, Oliaro-Bosso S, et al. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment. Molecules. 2018;23(10):2478.
- Sativex Oromucosal Spray - Package leaflet: Information for the patient. Medicines. Accessed 7/4/2023.
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals Announces Top-line Results from Phase 3 Trial Evaluating Nabiximols Oromucosal Spray in Adult Participants with Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity. Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Accessed 7/5/2023.
- Sholler DJ, Schoene L, Spindle TR. Therapeutic Efficacy of Cannabidiol (CBD): A Review of the Evidence from Clinical Trials and Human Laboratory Studies. Current Addiction Reports. 2020;7(3):405–412.
- What to Know About Products Containing Cannabis and CBD. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 7/5/2023.
- Facts About the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 8/3/2023.
- Millar SA, Maguire RF, Yates AS, O’Sullivan SE. Towards Better Delivery of Cannabidiol (CBD). Pharmaceuticals. 2020;13(9):219.